1 Overview
The Anna's Hummingbird is a small, vibrant hummingbird that stands out as a year-round resident along the western coast of North America. Unlike many hummingbird species that migrate long distances, Anna's Hummingbirds are non-migratory in many parts of their range, particularly in California and the Pacific Northwest. They are frequent visitors to gardens and suburban areas, where they can be seen hovering at flowers and feeders throughout the year. Their constant presence brings life and color to backyards, even in winter months when other hummingbirds have departed.
These birds are well-adapted to human environments and have expanded their range northward, partly due to the availability of feeders and exotic flowering plants. They are territorial and can be quite aggressive, defending their favorite feeding spots against other hummingbirds. Despite their small size, they are hardy and can survive cold temperatures by entering torpor, a state of reduced metabolism, during cold nights. Their iridescent plumage and acrobatic flight make them a favorite among birdwatchers and casual observers alike.
Anna's Hummingbirds are a delight to watch, with their rapid wingbeats and precise hovering. They are often the most common hummingbird in urban and suburban settings within their range. Understanding their habits and needs can help you attract and support them in your own backyard, providing year-round enjoyment and contributing to their conservation.
2 How to identify it
Identifying an Anna's Hummingbird involves noting its distinctive colors, shape, and size. Adult males have a striking iridescent rose-pink crown and throat, called a gorget, which can appear dark or black when not catching the light. The rest of the male's upperparts are a shimmering green, and his underparts are grayish-white with green flanks. Females and young birds lack the colorful head and throat; they are green above and grayish-white below, often with some spotting on the throat. Both sexes have a straight, slender black bill that is about as long as their head.
In flight, Anna's Hummingbirds are compact and stocky compared to other hummingbirds. They measure about 3.5 to 4 inches in length, with a wingspan of roughly 4.7 inches. Their flight is rapid and direct, with the characteristic hummingbird hover. When perched, they often sit upright, and their tail extends beyond the wings. The tail of the male is dark, while the female's tail has white tips on the outer feathers. These field marks, combined with their habitat and behavior, help distinguish them from similar species.
Compared to look-alikes, Anna's Hummingbirds are the only hummingbird in their range with a rose-pink crown and throat in males. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird, found mostly in eastern North America, has a ruby-red throat but lacks the crown color. The Rufous Hummingbird is more orange-brown overall, and the Black-chinned Hummingbird has a dark throat with a purple band at the bottom. Paying attention to these details will help you confidently identify Anna's Hummingbirds in your garden.
3 Where and when to see it
Anna's Hummingbirds are year-round residents along the western coast of North America, from southern California north to British Columbia. They are commonly found in gardens, scrublands, and suburban areas, where they thrive in human-modified landscapes. They are particularly abundant in California, where they can be seen in parks, backyards, and even city centers. Their range has expanded in recent decades, and they are now a familiar sight in many western states, including Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, especially in winter when other hummingbirds are absent.
Because they do not migrate, you can see Anna's Hummingbirds at any time of year. In fact, winter can be an excellent time to observe them, as they are more likely to visit feeders when natural nectar sources are scarce. During the breeding season, which typically runs from December to May in California, males perform elaborate courtship displays, diving steeply and producing a sharp chirp at the bottom of the dive. This is a spectacular sight to witness. They are most active during the day, especially in the early morning and late afternoon, when they feed heavily to maintain their high metabolism.
To find Anna's Hummingbirds, look for flowering plants such as salvia, penstemon, and fuchsia, as well as hummingbird feeders. They are territorial and often return to the same feeding spots repeatedly. Listen for their sharp, metallic chip notes, which they use to defend territories and communicate. Whether you are in a rural area or a city, chances are good that you can attract these hardy hummingbirds to your yard with the right setup.
4 What it eats (and what to offer)
Anna's Hummingbirds feed primarily on nectar from flowers and small insects. They have a high metabolism and must consume a significant amount of nectar each day to meet their energy needs. They are especially fond of tubular flowers, which are shaped to accommodate their long bills and tongues. In addition to nectar, they eat small insects such as gnats, aphids, and spiders, which provide essential protein and nutrients, especially during the breeding season when they are feeding young. They may also consume tree sap from sapsucker wells.
To offer food at a feeder, the best option is a simple sugar-water solution made with one part white table sugar to four parts water. This mimics the natural nectar they find in flowers. It is important to use only white sugar, as honey, brown sugar, or artificial sweeteners can be harmful. Do not add red food coloring; it is unnecessary and potentially harmful. Feeders should be cleaned regularly, ideally every few days, especially in warm weather, to prevent mold and bacteria growth that can make birds sick. If the solution looks cloudy or has debris, replace it immediately.
In addition to feeders, planting nectar-rich flowers can provide a natural food source. Good choices include native plants like California fuchsia, hummingbird sage, and penstemon, as well as non-native but non-invasive options like salvia and fuchsia. Avoid pesticides, as they can poison the insects that hummingbirds rely on. By providing a clean feeder and a variety of flowers, you can help Anna's Hummingbirds thrive year-round.
5 Nesting and behavior
Anna's Hummingbirds nest in trees and shrubs, often in suburban gardens and parks. The female builds a small, cup-shaped nest out of plant fibers, spider webs, and feathers, typically on a horizontal branch or in a fork. The nest is about the size of a walnut and is well-camouflaged with lichens and moss. She lays two tiny white eggs, which she incubates for about 14 to 19 days. The chicks are altricial, meaning they are helpless at hatching and rely entirely on their mother for food and warmth. They fledge about 18 to 23 days after hatching.
Males do not participate in nesting or raising young. Instead, they spend their time defending territories and performing courtship displays. These displays include aerial dives and shuttle flights, accompanied by vocalizations. After mating, the female takes full responsibility for the nest. She may raise two or even three broods per year, especially in warmer parts of their range. The breeding season varies geographically; in California, it often begins in December and extends through May, while in more northern areas, it may start later in spring.
Anna's Hummingbirds are known for their aggressive territorial behavior. They will chase away other hummingbirds, bees, and even larger birds from their feeding areas. This behavior ensures they have access to enough food to sustain their high energy needs. Despite their small size, they are fearless and persistent. Observing their nesting and behavioral interactions can be a fascinating part of backyard birdwatching, but always remember to keep a respectful distance and never disturb a nest.
6 Attracting this bird
Attracting Anna's Hummingbirds to your yard is relatively easy if you provide the right resources. The most effective method is to set up a hummingbird feeder filled with a fresh sugar-water solution. Choose a feeder that is easy to clean and has bee guards to prevent insects from accessing the nectar. Place it in a shaded area to slow fermentation and keep the nectar cooler. Multiple feeders can help reduce territorial disputes, but be sure to space them out so that one bird cannot easily defend all of them. Clean feeders every two to three days in warm weather, and at least once a week in cooler temperatures, using hot water and a mild vinegar solution or a bottle brush.
In addition to feeders, plant a variety of nectar-producing flowers that bloom at different times of year. Native plants are ideal because they are adapted to local conditions and provide natural nectar. Include shrubs and trees for perching and nesting sites. Avoid using pesticides in your garden, as they can harm hummingbirds and their insect prey. Provide a source of clean water, such as a shallow birdbath or a mister, as hummingbirds enjoy bathing and will visit water features. During cold snaps, bring feeders indoors overnight to prevent freezing, or use a feeder heater if available.
Ethical birdwatching means never disturbing nests or handling birds unless necessary for their safety. Keep cats indoors and prevent window collisions by using decals or screens. Respect migratory birds by keeping feeders clean and not overcrowding them. By creating a safe and welcoming habitat, you can enjoy the company of Anna's Hummingbirds year-round while supporting their well-being.
7 Frequently asked questions
Q: Do Anna's Hummingbirds migrate? A: No, Anna's Hummingbirds are primarily year-round residents throughout their range. While some individuals may move short distances in response to food availability or weather, they do not undertake long migrations like Ruby-throated Hummingbirds. This makes them a reliable presence in western gardens throughout all seasons.
Q: What should I feed Anna's Hummingbirds? A: The best food to offer is a simple nectar solution made of one part white table sugar to four parts water. Avoid using honey, brown sugar, or artificial sweeteners, and never add red food coloring. This mixture closely mimics natural flower nectar and provides the energy they need. Remember to clean the feeder regularly to keep the solution fresh and safe.
Q: How can I tell a male from a female Anna's Hummingbird? A: Males have an iridescent rose-pink crown and throat, while females and young birds are green above and grayish-white below without the colorful head. Females may have some spotting on the throat. Additionally, males are slightly smaller and have a more compact build. Observing these differences will help you distinguish between the sexes in your garden.